Temporal shifts in reproductive phenology of cycads: a comparative study in <i>Ceratozamia</i>

The reproductive phenology in plants consists of successive life cycle phases leading to success. In seed plants, cycads and other dioecious groups have complex systems, where individuals require synchronizations among two sexes populations the same species. Here, we analyzed between three geographically close species cycad genus Ceratozamia Brongn. We described lifespan pollen ovulate strobili their morphological changes throughout ontogeny evaluated synchrony events, focusing on timing abundance receptivity open phases. Our results showed that was highly synchronous, overlap could point gene flow different identified a correlation patterns temperature precipitation regimes. Pollen were produced during rainy season, whereas period occurred dry season. release which contribute keep moist prevent embryo from drying out. Finally, highlight utility studies wild for ecological evolutionary understanding phenological cycads.